Title: Science of the sea. An elementary handbook of practical oceanography for travellers, sailors, and yachtsmen
Year: 1912 (1910s)
Authors: Challenger Society Fowler, G. Herbert (George Herbert), 1861-1940
Subjects: Oceanography Ocean
Publisher: London, John Murray
Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library
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arate them. Acontinental island is one which, from the nature of itsrocks, or more generally from the considerable varietyof the animals and plants which live upon it, mustbe supposed to have been at one time connected withsome continental mass of land, upon the surface ofwhich, according to our present views, a large varietyof animals and plants may be supposed to have beenevolved. Thus, for example, all the greater islandsof the East and West Indies must have been connectedat one time with their neighbouring continents. ISLANDS 83 There is little room for doubting (see Fig. 21) thatMadagascar was at one time joined to Africa, and NewZealand to Asia and Australia through New Guinea ;New Zealand may have had also a polar connectionwith South America. The Seychelles Islands areformed of granite, a type of rock essentially associatedwith the immense early solidifications of eruptionswhich formed great continents. They doubtless were apart of the Indo-African Continent, which is believed
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;c fh^^ &* m- Bengal ft££ Antarctic Ocean Fig. 21.—Chart of the World, showing the supposed Distri-bution of Land (dotted) in the Cretaceous Period. (AfterNeumayr.) by many to have once extended between Africa andIndia— Gondwanaland, as it is often termed. The Fiji Archipelago is a more doubtful case ; itsrocks are of recent volcanic types, overlaid by soap-stone, composed of submarine deposits formed largelyby Foraminifera, and by raised coral rocks. Its faunaand flora, however, are, comparatively speaking, richand varied, but it must always be remembered thatthe numbers of species and genera of animals and 84 THE SHORE plants on any land vary proportionately to its size,temperature, varieties of soil, and rainfall; the exactinfluences of each of these cannot, of course, be exactlystated. In the case of islands formed by submarineeruptions, their proximity to other lands, and thepresence or absence of currents and winds, suitablefor the transport of the seeds and germs of p
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